Words & Wisdom

Chinese proverbs and idioms, with the books they come from

Chinese proverbs come in three kinds: four-character idioms called chengyu, most of them lifted from a classical book; plain folk sayings called yanyu; and two-part riddle sayings called xiehouyu. Below are 34 of the best known, sorted by theme, each with its pinyin, a literal reading, what it really means, and the original line from the book it came from, checked against the Chinese text. One warning first: several famous "Chinese proverbs" in English are not Chinese at all.

Which is the fun of it. The proverb on the motivational poster turns out to be an execution order, the wedding vow turns out to be a soldier's lament, and the curse everyone attributes to China was first reported by a British politician in 1936.

A hand lifts the cover of the top book in a stack of indigo thread-bound Chinese books, beside an inkstone, an ink stick and a brush on a celadon rest.
Most chengyu began as a line in a book like these. Illustration.

Three kinds of Chinese saying

English lumps everything into "proverbs." Chinese dictionaries keep three drawers, and knowing which drawer a saying lives in tells you how old it is likely to be and how it will land in conversation.

The three kinds of Chinese saying: chengyu, yanyu and xiehouyu, with what each is, an example, and where each comes from.
Kind What it is Example Where it comes from
Chengyu
chéngyǔ
A fixed set phrase, almost always four characters, usually with a written source behind it. 水滴石穿
shuǐ dī shí chuān
dripping water bores through stone
Classical prose, histories, philosophy, poetry
Folk proverb
yànyǔ
A plain-spoken saying passed around in speech, often a balanced pair of lines. 路遥知马力,日久见人心
lù yáo zhī mǎ lì, rì jiǔ jiàn rén xīn
a long road shows a horse’s strength
Anonymous; gathered in primers like Zengguang xianwen
Two-part allegorical saying
xiēhòuyǔ
A riddle and its answer: you say the picture, the listener supplies the point. 泥菩萨过江,自身难保
ní pú sà guò jiāng, zì shēn nán bǎo
a clay Buddha crossing a river: can’t even save itself
Everyday speech, puns and wordplay

The drawers leak. A chengyu can start life as a folk saying and get promoted when a famous book quotes it. When the adviser Zhuang Xin told a king of Chu that it was not too late to mend the sheep pen after losing a sheep, the Strategies of the Warring States has him introduce it as a common saying, which means it was already folk wisdom more than two thousand years ago. The Han scholar Dong Zhongshu did the same with a fishing proverb, citing it as something the ancients said. In the other direction, the folk primers happily absorbed lines from Confucius, so the old proverb book Zengguang xianwen carries the Analects' line about the man without distant plans who will have near worries, as if it were village wisdom.

The folk proverb has the humbler pedigree and sometimes the older paper trail. The dictionary entry for yanyu illustrates the word with a farming saying from a sixth-century almanac of the Chu region: when the La drum sounds, the spring grass grows. It is the same proverb our page on the Laba Festival follows into the village. The third kind, xiehouyu, is the joker of the family; it has its own section near the end.

Famous "Chinese proverbs" that are not Chinese

A good share of the Chinese proverbs quoted in English were made in English. The label works like a seal of authority, and at least one man admitted using it that way: the American adman Fred Barnard said he called his slogan about pictures and words a Chinese proverb "so that people would take it seriously." Here are the common ones, checked against the record.

Sayings often called Chinese proverbs in English, whether each is really Chinese, and what the historical record shows.
The saying Verdict What the record shows
“A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” Chinese, reworded Laozi, Dao De Jing ch. 64, says the journey begins beneath your feet. Legge’s 1891 translation, in the past tense, is the ancestor of the English version.
“Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day…” English Quote Investigator traces it to an 1885 novel, Mrs. Dymond, by Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie. It was being called a Chinese proverb by 1962. China’s own fishing proverb says something different (below).
“May you live in interesting times.” No Chinese source No Chinese original has ever been produced. The earliest strong match is a 1936 speech by Sir Austen Chamberlain, who said a diplomat had told him it was a Chinese curse.
“A picture is worth a thousand words.” American advertising The adman Fred Barnard ran versions in Printers’ Ink in 1921 and 1927, and later said he called it a Chinese proverb so that people would take it seriously.
“The Chinese word for crisis means danger plus opportunity.” A misreading Crisis is wēijī. The sinologist Victor Mair points out that jī here means a crucial point, the moment things begin to change, not an opportunity.
“The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago.” Anonymous, American Quote Investigator’s earliest match is a Cleveland newspaper in 1967, with thirty years, not twenty. It picked up the "Chinese proverb" label around 1985.
“Tell me and I forget, teach me and I remember, involve me and I learn.” Modern English, ancient seed The wording is modern. The idea is in Xunzi, ch. 8: hearing is not as good as seeing, seeing not as good as knowing, knowing not as good as doing.

The fish is the best of these, because China does have a fishing proverb, and it is about the same lesson from the other end. The Huainanzi, a compendium put together at a Han dynasty court in the second century BCE, says that standing at the river envying the fish is not as good as going home to weave a net. Around the same time Dong Zhongshu quoted it to the emperor as a saying of the ancients: better to go back and make the net. Nobody is teaching anybody to fish. You are told to stop staring at the water and do the work yourself.

Laozi's journey, meanwhile, is real but has been quietly tidied. The Chinese says the thousand-li journey starts beneath your feet, the last of three images of large things with small beginnings. When James Legge translated it in 1891 he wrote that the journey "commenced with a single step," in the past tense. The English proverb is his sentence, moved into the present.

Is "this too shall pass" a Chinese proverb?

No, and it is worth knowing before it goes on anyone's skin. "This too shall pass" comes from a fable told across Persia and the Jewish world, in which a king asks for words that will make him sad when he is happy and happy when he is sad, and receives a ring engraved with this line. It turns up in the twelfth-century Persian poets Sanai and Attar, and English readers know it mostly from Edward FitzGerald's 1852 version and from Abraham Lincoln, who told the story at the Wisconsin State Fair in 1859. Chinese has no traditional saying in those words.

What Chinese does have is a family of sayings about fortune turning, and one of them fits remarkably well. 否极泰来, pǐ jí tài lái, is built from the names of two I Ching hexagrams: Standstill and Peace. When Standstill reaches its end, Peace arrives. The top line of the Standstill hexagram says it outright: the standstill overturns, first blocked, then joy. Chinese speakers say it when the worst seems to be over, which is exactly when an English speaker reaches for Solomon's ring. Close behind it come the frontier old man and his runaway horse, and the poet Lu You's line about the road that seems to vanish among hills and streams until another village appears, both in the luck section below.

If you want the idea as a tattoo, choose one of those set phrases rather than a word for word translation of the English. A translated sentence reads to a Chinese eye the way a menu in tourist English reads to yours, which is the sixth failure mode on our page of Chinese tattoo symbols. Four characters from a known source cannot be mistranslated, because they are not a translation. You can see any of them brushed in five classic scripts with our calligraphy generator, and then have a fluent reader check the final design before it is permanent.

Chinese proverbs about wisdom and learning

Chinese wisdom sayings tend to be about paying attention, to other people, to the other side, to what lies under a surface. Two come from the Analects and the Art of War, one from the philosopher Xunzi, and one from the folk primer every village schoolroom used.

  • 三人行,必有我师

    sān rén xíng, bì yǒu wǒ shīClassical saying

    Literally: when three walk together, one of them is my teacher. Meaning: anyone can teach you something, by example or by warning.

    Source: Confucius, Analects 7.21 三人行,必有我師焉。擇其善者而從之,其不善者而改之。

    James Legge (1861): "When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them."

  • 知己知彼,百战不殆

    zhī jǐ zhī bǐ, bǎi zhàn bù dàiClassical saying

    Literally: know yourself, know the other, a hundred battles without danger. Meaning: understand your opponent and yourself before any contest.

    Source: Sunzi, The Art of War, ch. 3 知彼知己,百戰不殆;不知彼而知己,一勝一負;不知彼不知己,每戰必殆。

    Lionel Giles (1910): "If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles."

    Sunzi puts the enemy first. The order everyone says today, yourself first, is already in the folk primer Zengguang xianwen. And note what Sunzi promises: not a hundred victories, only no danger.

    Why Sunzi rejected "a hundred wins"

  • 青出于蓝

    qīng chū yú lánChengyu

    Literally: blue comes out of the indigo plant. Meaning: the student surpasses the teacher.

    Source: Xunzi, ch. 1 "Encouraging Learning" 青,取之於藍而青於藍;冰,水爲之而寒於水。

    Blue dye is taken from the indigo plant and comes out bluer than the plant; ice is made of water and comes out colder than water. Xunzi meant that study carries you past where you started. Chinese speakers often add the second half: and is bluer than the indigo.

  • 画虎画皮难画骨,知人知面不知心

    huà hǔ huà pí nán huà gǔ, zhī rén zhī miàn bù zhī xīnFolk proverb

    Literally: you can paint a tiger’s skin but not its bones; you can know a face but not the heart. Meaning: appearances tell you little about what someone is really like.

    Source: Zengguang xianwen (folk proverb primer) 畫虎畫皮難畫骨,知人知面不知心。

Chinese proverbs about perseverance and hard work

This is the theme the tradition does best, and its images are physical: a road walked one step at a time, a mountain carried off basket by basket, a knife that keeps cutting. The best known of them in China, the dripping water, turns out to have a darker origin than any poster suggests.

Early in the Song dynasty the official Zhang Guaiya, then magistrate of Chongyang county, saw a clerk walk out of the treasury with a single coin tucked under his headscarf. Zhang had him flogged. The clerk protested that one coin was nothing, and added that a magistrate could beat him but could not behead him. Zhang picked up his brush and wrote the verdict: one coin a day, a thousand coins in a thousand days; a rope saws through wood, dripping water bores through stone. Then he drew his sword, walked down the steps and executed the clerk himself, and reported his own conduct to his superiors. The Song writer Luo Dajing, who tells the story, explains that soldiers and clerks had been bullying their officers ever since the Five Dynasties, and Zhang meant to stop it. The proverb on the office poster is a death sentence.

A drop of water falls from the lip of a clay roof tile into a small round hollow worn into a granite step, a red camellia petal at its edge.
Dripping water bores through stone: the proverb as a magistrate meant it, one coin at a time. Illustration.

The tradition has a mythological version of the same stubbornness too: the little bird Jingwei, who carries twigs and pebbles to fill the sea that drowned her.

  • 千里之行,始于足下

    qiān lǐ zhī xíng, shǐ yú zú xiàClassical saying

    Literally: a journey of a thousand li begins beneath your feet. Meaning: every large undertaking starts with the first small step.

    Source: Laozi, Dao De Jing, ch. 64 合抱之木,生於毫末;九層之臺,起於累土;千里之行,始於足下。

    James Legge (1891): "the journey of a thousand li commenced with a single step."

    The line comes third in a set of three: a tree too wide to hug grew from a tiny shoot, a nine-story terrace rose from a heap of earth. A li is the old Chinese mile, far shorter than an English one.

  • 愚公移山

    yú gōng yí shānChengyu

    Literally: the Foolish Old Man moves the mountains. Meaning: patient effort, carried across generations, can do what looks impossible.

    Source: Liezi, ch. 5 "The Questions of Tang" 雖我之死,有子存焉;子又生孫,孫又生子;子又有子,子又有孫,子子孫孫無窮匱也,而山不加增,何苦而不平?

    Nearly ninety and tired of walking around two mountains to leave home, he starts digging them away and carting the earth to the sea. A neighbor laughs. He answers that his sons will keep going, and their sons after them, while the mountains will never grow any taller. The god of heaven, moved, has the mountains carried off.

  • 水滴石穿

    shuǐ dī shí chuānChengyu

    Literally: dripping water bores through stone. Meaning: small, steady pressure wins in the end.

    Source: Luo Dajing, Helin Yulu (Song dynasty), j. 10 一日一錢,千日一千,繩鋸木斷,水滴石穿。

    The magistrate Zhang Guaiya wrote this as a verdict, and then carried it out himself. The story is told in full above the cards.

  • 锲而不舍

    qiè ér bù shěChengyu

    Literally: keep carving and never let go. Meaning: persistence; sticking with a hard job until it yields.

    Source: Xunzi, ch. 1 "Encouraging Learning" 鍥而舍之,朽木不折;鍥而不舍,金石可鏤。

    Stop carving and you cannot even break rotten wood; keep carving and you can engrave metal and stone.

Chinese proverbs about patience

Ask what the Chinese proverb about patience is and you will get several, because the idea arrives from three directions: Confucius advising a new governor, Mencius laughing at a farmer, and the folk primers advising you to swallow your temper. None of them treats patience as passive. In every one it is a strategy.

  • 小不忍则乱大谋

    xiǎo bù rěn zé luàn dà móuClassical saying

    Literally: impatience in small things ruins great plans. Meaning: lose your temper over a trifle and you can wreck what matters.

    Source: Confucius, Analects 15.26 巧言亂德,小不忍,則亂大謀。

    James Legge (1861): "Specious words confound virtue. Want of forbearance in small matters confounds great plans."

  • 欲速则不达

    yù sù zé bù dáClassical saying

    Literally: want it fast and you will not get there. Meaning: haste defeats itself.

    Source: Confucius, Analects 13.17 無欲速,無見小利。欲速,則不達;見小利,則大事不成。

    James Legge (1861): "Desire to have things done quickly prevents their being done thoroughly."

    Advice to his disciple Zixia, newly made governor of a small town.

  • 揠苗助长

    yà miáo zhù zhǎngChengyu

    Literally: pull up the sprouts to help them grow. Meaning: forcing things along spoils them.

    Source: Mencius 2A.2 宋人有閔其苗之不長而揠之者,芒芒然歸,謂其人曰:『今日病矣!予助苗長矣!』其子趨而往視之,苗則槁矣!

    A farmer from the state of Song, fretting that his crop was slow, tugged every sprout up a little, came home exhausted and announced that he had helped the field grow. His son ran out to look. The sprouts had withered.

  • 忍得一时之气,免得百日之忧

    rěn dé yì shí zhī qì, miǎn dé bǎi rì zhī yōuFolk proverb

    Literally: swallow one moment’s anger and spare yourself a hundred days of worry. Meaning: a short burst of self-control saves a long stretch of regret.

    Source: Zengguang xianwen 忍得一時之氣,免得百日之憂。

    The character for patience, and its "wind and waves" couplet

Chinese proverbs about love and marriage

Three sayings that turn up on wedding cards, and the stories behind them are livelier than the cards. One is a soldier’s lament, one is the last line of a thirteenth-century stage romance, and one is a proverb that a fictional aunt was already calling old in the eighteenth century.

  • 执子之手,与子偕老

    zhí zǐ zhī shǒu, yǔ zǐ xié lǎoClassical saying

    Literally: hold your hand, grow old with you. Meaning: today a vow of lifelong love, printed on wedding invitations.

    Source: Book of Songs, "Beating the Drum" (Airs of Bei) 死生契闊,與子成說,執子之手,與子偕老。

    The poem is a soldier’s song. He is marching south on campaign, he has lost his horse in a wood, and he remembers a promise to live and die together. The final stanza cries out that the distance is too great and the promise has not held. It is a beautiful wedding line; it is not a happy one.

  • 有情人终成眷属

    yǒu qíng rén zhōng chéng juàn shǔClassical saying

    Literally: lovers will at last become family. Meaning: true love finds its way to marriage.

    Source: Wang Shifu, Romance of the Western Chamber, part 5 (Yuan dynasty) 願普天下有情的都成了眷屬。

    The play ends with this wish, for every loving couple under heaven to end up married. Popular speech trimmed it into a promise.

  • 千里姻缘一线牵

    qiān lǐ yīn yuán yí xiàn qiānFolk proverb

    Literally: a match a thousand li apart is drawn together by one thread. Meaning: people fated to marry will meet, however far apart they start.

    Source: Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, ch. 57 自古道:千里姻緣一線牽。

    Aunt Xue quotes it as something people have said since ancient times, then explains the thread: the Old Man Under the Moon ties a red cord around the feet of two people destined to marry.

    The red string of fate

Chinese proverbs about family and friendship

Friendship gets the grander sources here, Confucius and Zhuangzi and the story of the musician and the woodcutter, while family and neighbors get the folk primers, which have a sharp eye for who actually turns up when the house is on fire.

  • 有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎

    yǒu péng zì yuǎn fāng lái, bú yì lè hūClassical saying

    Literally: a friend comes from afar: is that not a joy?. Meaning: the pleasure of welcoming a friend; said with a smile when a guest arrives.

    Source: Confucius, Analects 1.1 有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎?

    James Legge (1861): "Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?"

  • 君子之交淡如水

    jūn zǐ zhī jiāo dàn rú shuǐClassical saying

    Literally: the friendship of gentlemen is plain as water. Meaning: real friendship needs no flattery, gifts or favors.

    Source: Zhuangzi, ch. 20 "The Mountain Tree" 君子之交淡若水,小人之交甘若醴;君子淡以親,小人甘以絕。

    The other half: the friendship of petty people is sweet as new wine. The plain kind draws people closer; the sweet kind ends in a break. Zhuangzi wrote "like" with a different word from the one people say today.

    The Chinese symbol for friendship

  • 高山流水

    gāo shān liú shuǐChengyu

    Literally: high mountains, flowing water. Meaning: a friend who truly understands you; also, music of rare beauty.

    Source: Liezi, ch. 5 "The Questions of Tang" 伯牙鼓琴,志在登高山,鍾子期曰:「善哉!峩峩兮若泰山!」志在流水,鍾子期曰:「善哉!洋洋兮若江河!」

    When Boya played the zither thinking of mountains, his friend Zhong Ziqi heard Mount Tai; when he thought of water, Ziqi heard rivers. The pair also gave Chinese its word for a soulmate friend, zhīyīn, "one who knows the tune."

  • 路遥知马力,日久见人心

    lù yáo zhī mǎ lì, rì jiǔ jiàn rén xīnFolk proverb

    Literally: a long road shows a horse’s strength; long days show a person’s heart. Meaning: time is the only real test of character.

    Source: Zengguang xianwen 路遙知馬力,日久見人心。

  • 远亲不如近邻

    yuǎn qīn bù rú jìn línFolk proverb

    Literally: distant relatives are not as good as near neighbors. Meaning: in a crisis, the people close at hand matter most.

    Source: Zengguang xianwen 遠水難救近火,遠親不如近鄰。

    The first half makes the case: distant water cannot put out a fire next door.

  • 一家之计在于和

    yì jiā zhī jì zài yú héFolk proverb

    Literally: a family’s plan rests on harmony. Meaning: peace at home comes before everything else.

    Source: Zengguang xianwen 一年之計在於春,一日之計在於晨;一家之計在於和,一生之計在於勤。

    Part of a four-line set: a year’s plan lies in spring, a day’s in the morning, a family’s in harmony, a life’s in hard work.

    The Chinese symbol for family

Chinese proverbs about success and courage

Most of these come out of the histories, and they share a temperament: commit completely, take the risk, remember the humiliation. Two of them are not quite what the original text says, and the differences are worth knowing.

  • 破釜沉舟

    pò fǔ chén zhōuChengyu

    Literally: break the cooking pots, sink the boats. Meaning: commit with no way back.

    Source: Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, ch. 7 (Xiang Yu) 項羽乃悉引兵渡河,皆沈船,破釜甑,燒廬舍,持三日糧,以示士卒必死,無一還心。

    Crossing the river to relieve the siege of Julu, Xiang Yu sank the boats, smashed the pots, burned the huts and issued three days’ rations, so his soldiers knew there was no going home. They won.

  • 卧薪尝胆

    wò xīn cháng dǎnChengyu

    Literally: sleep on brushwood, taste gall. Meaning: endure hardship to keep a goal, often revenge, alive.

    Source: Records of the Grand Historian, ch. 41; Su Shi 置膽於坐,坐臥即仰膽,飲食亦嘗膽也。

    King Goujian of Yue, defeated and released by Wu, hung a gall bladder by his seat and tasted it before meals so he would never forget. The historian mentions no brushwood. The pair of hardships turns up together in the eleventh century, in a mock letter the poet Su Shi wrote in the voice of the warlord Sun Quan.

  • 不入虎穴,焉得虎子

    bú rù hǔ xué, yān dé hǔ zǐClassical saying

    Literally: if you don’t enter the tiger’s den, how can you catch its cub?. Meaning: no great gain without great risk.

    Source: Book of the Later Han, ch. 47 (Ban Chao) 不入虎穴,不得虎子。

    The general Ban Chao, stranded with thirty-odd men in a kingdom about to hand them to the Xiongnu, said it the night he led a fire attack on the Xiongnu envoys’ camp. He put it flatly: you do not get the cub. The rhetorical question came later.

  • 长江后浪推前浪

    cháng jiāng hòu làng tuī qián làngFolk proverb

    Literally: on the Yangtze the waves behind push on the waves ahead. Meaning: each generation overtakes the last.

    Source: Zengguang xianwen 長江後浪推前浪,世上新人趕舊人。

Chinese proverbs about luck, change and hard times

This is where to look if you came for "this too shall pass." Chinese has no saying with that wording, but it has a whole family of proverbs about fortune turning, from the I Ching to a twelfth-century poet lost on a country road.

  • 塞翁失马,焉知非福

    sài wēng shī mǎ, yān zhī fēi fúChengyu

    Literally: the old man at the frontier lost his horse; who knows it is not a blessing?. Meaning: a loss may turn out to be luck, and luck a loss; too soon to tell.

    Source: Huainanzi, ch. 18 其父曰:「此何遽不為福乎!」

    The horse runs off, comes back with a better one, the son breaks his leg riding it, and the broken leg keeps him out of a war in which nine in ten young men die.

    The full story, on the good luck page

  • 祸兮福之所倚

    huò xī fú zhī suǒ yǐClassical saying

    Literally: misfortune is what good fortune leans on. Meaning: good and bad luck are bound up in each other.

    Source: Laozi, Dao De Jing, ch. 58 禍兮福之所倚,福兮禍之所伏。孰知其極?

    The second half: good fortune is where misfortune hides. Then the question: who knows where it ends?

  • 否极泰来

    pǐ jí tài láiChengyu

    Literally: when Standstill reaches its end, Peace arrives. Meaning: the worst is over; good times follow bad.

    Source: Built from I Ching hexagrams 12 and 11 上九,傾否,先否後喜。

    Pǐ and tài are the names of two hexagrams, Standstill and Peace. The top line of Standstill reads: the standstill overturns; first blocked, then joy.

    Hexagram 12, Standstill

  • 柳暗花明又一村

    liǔ àn huā míng yòu yì cūnClassical saying

    Literally: dark willows, bright blossoms, and another village. Meaning: just when the way seems lost, a new prospect opens.

    Source: Lu You, "Visiting a Village West of the Mountains" (Song dynasty) 山重水複疑無路,柳暗花明又一村。

    The first half sets it up: mountain after mountain, stream after stream, and you doubt there is any road.

  • 有意栽花花不发,无心插柳柳成荫

    yǒu yì zāi huā huā bù fā, wú xīn chā liǔ liǔ chéng yīnFolk proverb

    Literally: plant flowers on purpose and they will not bloom; push in a willow twig without a thought and it grows into shade. Meaning: results rarely come from where you aimed.

    Source: Zengguang xianwen 有意栽花花不發,無心插柳柳成蔭。

Stories told in four characters

Many chengyu are whole fables folded into four characters, and a Chinese speaker hears the story every time. Two come from a philosopher arguing with rulers, two from a book of court persuasion.

  • 守株待兔

    shǒu zhū dài tùChengyu

    Literally: guard the tree stump and wait for rabbits. Meaning: wait for luck to repeat itself instead of working.

    Source: Han Feizi, ch. 49 "The Five Vermin" 宋人有耕田者,田中有株,兔走觸株,折頸而死,因釋其耒而守株,冀復得兔,兔不可復得,而身爲宋國笑。

    A rabbit runs into a stump in a farmer’s field and breaks its neck. The farmer puts down his plow and waits by the stump for the next one, and becomes the laughingstock of his state. Han Feizi’s real target: rulers who govern by copying the ancient kings.

  • 画蛇添足

    huà shé tiān zúChengyu

    Literally: draw a snake and add feet. Meaning: ruin something by overdoing it.

    Source: Strategies of the Warring States, Qi 2 蛇固無足,子安能為之足。

    Servants with one cup of wine between them race to draw a snake in the dirt. The fastest finishes, decides he has time to add feet, and the runner-up takes the cup: snakes have no feet, so yours is not a snake.

  • 亡羊补牢

    wáng yáng bǔ láoChengyu

    Literally: mend the pen after losing a sheep. Meaning: fix the problem now; it is not too late.

    Source: Strategies of the Warring States, Chu 4 臣聞鄙語曰:『見兔而顧犬,未為晚也;亡羊而補牢,未為遲也。』

    The adviser Zhuang Xin quotes it to a king who has just lost his capital, and he calls it a common saying. The point is hopeful: it is not too late. English uses the barn door and the bolted horse for the opposite idea.

  • 井底之蛙

    jǐng dǐ zhī wāChengyu

    Literally: a frog at the bottom of a well. Meaning: someone with a narrow view who thinks it is the whole world.

    Source: Zhuangzi, ch. 17 "Autumn Floods" 井鼃不可以語於海者,拘於虛也。

    You cannot talk to a frog in a well about the sea; it is confined by the space it lives in.

Xiehouyu: the two-part sayings

A xiehouyu works like a riddle with the answer built in. You say the first half, a picture, and the listener completes the second half, the point. Often you only say the first half, and the pleasure is in your listener getting it. The name means something like a saying with its ending left off, and the habit is old. The Song writer Wu Zeng, in a passage the Hanyu dictionary still quotes, notes that people called their brothers by the first two words of a classical phrase about brotherly love and left the brothers themselves unsaid. Today they are pure street humor.

Four common Chinese xiehouyu, two-part allegorical sayings: the picture you say and the point the listener supplies.
The picture you say The point they supply
泥菩萨过江
ní pú sà guò jiāng
a clay Buddha crossing a river
自身难保
zì shēn nán bǎo
it cannot even save itself, never mind you
哑巴吃黄连
yǎ ba chī huáng lián
a mute eating bitter coptis root
有苦说不出
yǒu kǔ shuō bù chū
bitter, and no way to say so
肉包子打狗
ròu bāo zi dǎ gǒu
throwing a meat bun at a dog
有去无回
yǒu qù wú huí
it goes and never comes back (a loan you will not see again)
丈二和尚
zhàng èr hé shang
a monk ten feet tall
摸不着头脑
mō bù zháo tóu nǎo
you can’t reach the top of his head: utterly baffled

All four are listed as xiehouyu in the Hanyu dictionary. The monk is said of anyone completely baffled; the meat bun, of any loan you have already said goodbye to.

More idioms, filed by character

Every page in our Chinese symbols collection ends with the idioms built on its character, each with its literal image and its source. Together they hold 169 more idioms. Pick the character, and the idioms come with it.

  • beautiful , 4 idioms, such as “sinks fish, fells geese”
  • benevolence , 5 idioms, such as “kill the body, complete benevolence”
  • courage , 5 idioms, such as “seeing what is right, bravely act”
  • death , 5 idioms, such as “to look on death as a return home”
  • double happiness , 5 idioms, such as “two joys arrive at the gate”
  • dragon , 5 idioms, such as “paint the dragon, dot the eyes”
  • faith , 5 idioms, such as “to speak and have trust”
  • family , 4 idioms, such as “when the family is harmonious, ten thousand affairs flourish”
  • fire , 5 idioms, such as “a single spark of fire can burn the whole plain”
  • forever , 5 idioms, such as “forever hanging down, never rotting”
  • freedom , 5 idioms, such as “free by oneself, at ease by oneself”
  • friendship , 5 idioms, such as “high mountains and flowing water”
  • good luck , 5 idioms, such as “the five blessings arrive at the door”
  • happiness , 5 idioms, such as “to take helping others as one's joy”
  • health , 4 idioms, such as “an open, level, great road”
  • honor , 6 idioms, such as “eagerly growing toward bloom”
  • hope , 5 idioms, such as “gaze at plums to quench thirst”
  • i love you , 4 idioms, such as “vows of the mountains, oaths of the seas”
  • joy , 5 idioms, such as “delighted to hear and see”
  • life , 5 idioms, such as “life begetting life without cease”
  • listening , 4 idioms, such as “heard on the road, told on the road”
  • longevity , 5 idioms, such as “ten thousand longevities without bound”
  • love , 4 idioms, such as “love the house, and the crows on its roof too”
  • loyalty , 5 idioms, such as “loyal words grate on the ear”
  • patience , 5 idioms, such as “endure humiliation, bear a heavy load”
  • peace , 5 idioms, such as “harmonious, yet not the same”
  • propriety , 6 idioms, such as “li values going and coming”
  • prosperity , 5 idioms, such as “glory, splendor, wealth, and rank”
  • protection , 5 idioms, such as “protect the family, defend the country”
  • righteousness , 5 idioms, such as “give up life, take righteousness”
  • strength , 5 idioms, such as “strength does not follow the heart”
  • war , 3 idioms, such as “a hundred battles, a hundred victories”
  • warrior , 5 idioms, such as “to stop the spear is 武”
  • water , 5 idioms, such as “the highest good is like water”
  • wisdom , 5 idioms, such as “great wisdom appears foolish”

Questions people ask

What is a Chinese proverb? +

A short fixed saying that carries a piece of advice or a way of seeing things. Chinese has three common kinds: chengyu, the four-character set phrases that usually come from a classical text; yanyu, plain folk proverbs passed around in speech; and xiehouyu, two-part sayings where you say a picture and the listener supplies the point. The Chinese dictionary definition of yanyu is a fixed folk saying that puts a deep idea into plain words.

What is the difference between a chengyu and a Chinese proverb? +

A chengyu is almost always four characters long and usually has a written source: shui di shi chuan, dripping water bores through stone, comes from a Song dynasty anecdote; shou zhu dai tu, waiting by the stump for rabbits, from the philosopher Han Feizi. A folk proverb, yanyu, is a looser spoken saying, often a balanced pair of lines, with no known author. The line between them can blur: the chengyu about mending the sheep pen was already called a common saying when the Strategies of the Warring States quoted it.

What is the most famous Chinese proverb? +

In English, almost certainly "a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." It is genuinely Chinese, from chapter 64 of Laozi’s Dao De Jing, though the original says the journey begins beneath your feet. Among Chinese speakers the best-known sayings are chengyu such as sai weng shi ma, the old man at the frontier who lost his horse, used whenever bad luck might turn out to be good.

Is "this too shall pass" a Chinese proverb? +

No. It comes from a Persian and Jewish fable about a king’s ring, found in the twelfth-century Persian poets Sanai and Attar and popularized in English by Edward FitzGerald in 1852 and Abraham Lincoln in 1859. Chinese has no traditional saying with that wording. The closest Chinese expressions are pi ji tai lai, when Standstill reaches its end, Peace arrives, built from two I Ching hexagrams, and sai weng shi ma, the old man at the frontier who lost his horse.

What is the Chinese proverb about patience? +

The classical one is from the Analects of Confucius: xiao bu ren ze luan da mou, impatience in small things ruins great plans, which James Legge translated as "Want of forbearance in small matters confounds great plans." The Analects also gives yu su ze bu da, want it fast and you will not get there. The best-known story is Mencius’s farmer who pulled up his sprouts to help them grow and killed the crop.

Is "give a man a fish" a Chinese proverb? +

No. The researcher Garson O’Toole of Quote Investigator traced it to an English novel of 1885, Mrs. Dymond, by Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie, and found it labeled a Chinese proverb only from the 1960s. China does have a real fishing proverb, two thousand years old: standing at the water envying the fish is not as good as going home to weave a net. It appears in the Huainanzi, and the Han scholar Dong Zhongshu quoted it as a saying of the ancients.

Does the Chinese word for crisis mean danger and opportunity? +

No. Crisis is weiji. The first character does mean danger, but the second, ji, means something like an incipient moment or crucial point, when things start to change. The sinologist Victor Mair of the University of Pennsylvania wrote a well-known essay correcting the danger-plus-opportunity reading. A weiji is simply a dangerous moment.

What Chinese proverb is good for a tattoo? +

A four-character chengyu with a documented source is the safest choice, because it is a complete, fixed phrase a Chinese reader recognizes instantly, rather than an English sentence translated word by word. Popular picks include shui di shi chuan, dripping water bores through stone, for perseverance, and pi ji tai lai, the worst is over, for hard times. Check the characters against a sourced reference before inking, and have a fluent reader look at the final design.

Sources and further reading

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